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  • DeepTech Startup Listing Singapore

    DeepTech Startup Listing Singapore

    DeepTechSG has officially launched a new platform designed for one purpose: to connect every deep tech startup in Singapore with the investors looking for them.

    If you are a founder, you can now list your startup on app.deeptech.sg. This central directory allows you to showcase your technology, funding stage, and core capabilities to a verified network of local and global investors.

    For investors, this platform serves as a consolidated search engine. Instead of relying on scattered networks, you can now find, filter, and connect with Singapore’s deep tech ventures in one place.

    The goal is simple: To make the ecosystem accessible. Startups get the visibility they need, and investors get the deal flow they want.

    List Your Startup Now →

  • AI-Powered Deep Tech Matching: How DeepTech.sg Helps You Discover Real Opportunities

    AI-Powered Deep Tech Matching: How DeepTech.sg Helps You Discover Real Opportunities

    Imagine a world where the right collaboration, tender, or patent opportunity comes to you—not the other way around. At DeepTech.sg, that’s exactly what we’re building: an AI-driven matching service that connects you to the most relevant deep tech opportunities in Singapore and beyond. Once you create a profile (for just S$8.88/month), our AI agent quietly runs in the background, screening open calls, research grants, tenders, patents, and problem statements—so you can focus on building groundbreaking solutions.


    1. The Vision Behind AI Matching

    Deep tech often involves high-caliber research, complex prototyping, and long development cycles. Traditional methods of discovering relevant projects—scouring tender portals, checking corporate challenge boards, cold-emailing potential partners—can devour precious time and resources.

    Our mission is to streamline this entire process using artificial intelligence. The AI agent doesn’t just send you a flood of random listings; it analyzes your expertise, interests, and project goals to recommend the most relevant opportunities that actually align with what you do.


    2. How It Works

    1. Create or Update Your Profile
      • Provide details about your technical expertise, industry focus, desired collaborations, and R&D interests.
    2. AI Agent Screening
      • Our AI continuously scours multiple databases—think GeBIZ tenders, TenderBoard listings, corporate challenge platforms, patent databases, and problem statements from companies.
    3. Contextual Matching
      • The agent matches your profile with opportunities based on keywords, budgets, timelines, and collaboration criteria.
    4. Curated Recommendations
      • You get a personalized feed of high-potential matches. For instance, if your profile highlights materials science and 3D printing, you’ll see relevant RFPs or corporate innovation challenges in those areas.
    5. Smart Notifications
      • Opt to receive real-time alerts or daily/weekly digests. The moment a new opportunity fits your expertise, you’ll know—without endless manual research.

    3. Key Benefits

    • Time Savings
      Skip hours of searching; let the AI fetch tenders, RFPs, and challenges for you.
    • Relevancy & Precision
      Get curated leads that closely match your specific skill sets and ambitions.
    • Greater Exposure
      Organizations seeking solutions can also discover your profile—opening doors to unexpected partnerships.
    • Competitive Edge
      Find out about new opportunities before they go mainstream. Early intel helps you respond faster and stand out in evaluations.

    4. Typical Opportunities the AI Flags

    1. Tenders & RFPs
      • GeBIZ and TenderBoard calls for specialized engineering or tech projects, scanned daily by our AI.
    2. Corporate Innovation Challenges
      • Platforms like Agorize and direct corporate tie-ups offer ongoing challenge statements. Instead of you hunting them, the AI delivers them to you.
    3. Collaborative Research Projects
      • We track calls from universities, research institutes, and government bodies like A*STAR, connecting your tech strengths with possible R&D consortia.
    4. Patent Licensing & Co-Development
      • For founders eyeing patents or co-developing IP, we sift through patent databases and corporate tech inventories.
    5. Funding & Grants
      • Deep tech grants, government calls, or venture builder programs are highlighted, giving you a head start on crucial funding.

    5. Building Trust & Transparency

    We understand the need to protect your sensitive project details. DeepTech.sg incorporates robust data protections and privacy controls. You decide which parts of your profile are shared publicly and can tailor how often the AI connects your profile with potential partners.

    Tip: Update your profile regularly—our AI improves with more accurate data, boosting your chances of finding the perfect match.


    6. Getting Started

    1. Subscribe & Create Your Profile
      • Sign up at DeepTech.sg for S$8.88/month and fill in your key details.
    2. Set Your Preferences
      • Choose the types of opportunities you’re after (e.g., partnerships, licensing, corporate challenges). Exclude anything irrelevant.
    3. Browse Your Feed
      • Open your personalized dashboard to see curated tenders, grants, or challenges aligned with your expertise.
    4. Engage & Apply
      • If an opportunity looks promising, apply directly or message potential partners for more info.
    5. Refine as Needed
      • Adjust your preferences as your R&D goals shift. The AI learns from your actions to tailor future suggestions.

    7. The Future of Deep Tech Collaboration

    AI-driven matchmaking is just the start. As more companies and institutions integrate their challenges and RFPs into DeepTech.sg, we’ll see a network effect: faster innovation cycles, broader collaborations, and a more vibrant deep tech ecosystem in Singapore.

    Whether you’re a researcher, startup founder, or established enterprise, the DeepTech.sg AI service ensures you won’t miss crucial opportunities. From game-changing tenders to cutting-edge research consortia, your next big win might be just an alert away.


    Ready to See the AI in Action?

    Join DeepTech.sg for S$8.88/month and let our AI do the heavy lifting—finding and securing your next big opportunity in deep tech. Embrace the future of innovation matching, one smart recommendation at a time.

  • Best Government Grants for Deep Tech Projects

    Best Government Grants for Deep Tech Projects

    Securing funding is one of the biggest challenges for deep tech startups. In Singapore, however, several government initiatives and grants specifically target innovation-driven projects. This article outlines the major programs, offers tips for putting together a strong application, and shares personal notes from the author on what it really takes to succeed.


    1. Why Government Grants Matter for Deep Tech

    Deep tech ventures typically involve substantial research, development, and prototyping—often requiring specialized talent, equipment, and longer timelines. Traditional investors may hesitate due to higher perceived risks and a slower payoff. Government grants help bridge that gap by:

    • Reducing Financial Risk: You can offset high R&D costs through non-dilutive funding.
    • Validating Your Project: A government seal of approval signals credibility to future investors or partners.
    • Boosting Ecosystem Support: Grants often come with mentorship, networking, or training programs that accelerate growth.

    Personal Note: “It’s extremely important to show any government program how your project benefits Singapore—jobs, technology leadership, economic value, etc. They want to see a clear local impact.”


    2. Top Government Grants for Deep Tech Projects

    2.1 Startup SG Founder

    What It Is
    A program under Enterprise Singapore that helps first-time founders get their ventures off the ground. While it’s not exclusively for deep tech, it covers innovative ideas with high growth potential.

    Key Features

    • Grant amount up to S$50,000 (with 1:1 matching by founders)
    • Mentorship from a government-appointed partner (e.g., incubator, venture builder)

    Eligibility

    • At least 2 Singapore Citizen/PR founders with minimum 30% equity
    • First-time entrepreneurs as key decision-makers
    • Original business idea with strong innovation and market potential

    Application Tip: “They want evidence of your commitment—like personal funds, validated market interest, and a concise, well-structured pitch deck.”


    2.2 Enterprise Development Grant (EDG)

    What It Is
    The Enterprise Development Grant (EDG) supports Singapore-based businesses looking to upgrade capabilities, innovate, and venture overseas. Deep tech projects often qualify under its ‘Innovation and Productivity’ pillar.

    Key Features

    • Covers up to 70% of qualifying costs (for SMEs; up to 50% for non-SMEs)
    • Funds consultancy fees, software/equipment, and internal manpower costs

    Eligibility

    • Registered and operating in Singapore
    • Minimum 30% local shareholding
    • Financially stable enough to start and complete the project

    Personal Note: “EDG applications are lengthy and must be well done. They want to see a lot of proof of costs—quotes, invoices, vendor proposals. Don’t try to fudge the numbers or they’ll reject your application.”


    2.3 SGInnovate Investments & Grants

    What It Is
    SGInnovate focuses on deep tech areas like AI, biotech, robotics, and quantum computing. It offers both direct investments and grant-like support and has a strong network in Singapore’s innovation ecosystem.

    Key Features

    • Equity investments in promising deep tech startups
    • Access to mentorship, labs, and corporate partners

    Eligibility

    • Must demonstrate unique technological innovation
    • Potential to scale globally
    • Based in or strongly connected to Singapore’s startup scene

    Application Tip: “SGInnovate looks for world-class tech with a clear commercialization path. Highlight your R&D roadmap and how it benefits Singapore—through IP creation, job growth, or contributing to the local tech ecosystem.”


    2.4 Research, Innovation and Enterprise (RIE) Schemes

    What It Is
    These are various research and development initiatives under Singapore’s national RIE plans. Some are run by agencies like the National Research Foundation (NRF), A*STAR, or EDB.

    Key Features

    • Large-scale funding for mid-to-long-term R&D
    • Often tied to strategic sectors (e.g., advanced manufacturing, biomedical sciences, AI)

    Eligibility

    • Varies by program; may require partnerships with local research institutions
    • Must show high-impact research with commercial potential

    Personal Note: “Applications need detailed R&D timelines, patent plans, and feasibility studies. If you’re collaborating with a research institute, start collecting documents early.”


    2.5 Productivity Solutions Grant (PSG)

    While PSG primarily supports adopting productivity solutions (e.g., automation tools, CRM software), deep tech startups can leverage it for certain pre-approved tech solutions to streamline operations.

    Key Features

    • Up to 70% funding support for adopting pre-scoped IT solutions or equipment
    • Faster application process compared to other grants

    Eligibility

    • Registered and operating in Singapore
    • Minimum 30% local shareholding
    • Tech solution/equipment must be on the PSG pre-approved list

    Application Tip: “Though not purely for R&D, PSG can help reduce operational costs, leaving more resources for your deep tech development.”


    3. How to Prepare a Strong Grant Application

    1. Show the Benefit to Singapore
      • Emphasize how your project creates local jobs, advances tech leadership, or bolsters the economy.
      • Highlight collaborations with universities, labs, or local SMEs.
    2. Be Thorough With Documentation
      • Expect requests for financial statements, cost breakdowns, and milestones.
      • Provide real vendor quotes, receipts, or proposals—agencies will verify them.
    3. Craft a Clear Value Proposition
      • Explain what sets your technology apart.
      • Back up your claims with data or case studies proving market need.
    4. Focus on Feasibility
      • Offer a realistic timeline and budget.
      • Show you have the right team, resources, and technical plan.
    5. Don’t Underestimate the Time & Effort
      • Applications can take weeks (or months). Factor in time for revisions and responses to agency queries.

    Personal Note: “Mostly they want to see proof of costs—so don’t try to bullshit them. If anything seems off, they’ll reject you right away.”


    4. Application Process: Step by Step

    1. Identify the Right Grant
      • Match your project scope with the relevant program (e.g., EDG vs. Startup SG Founder).
      • If unsure, contact Enterprise Singapore or SGInnovate for guidance.
    2. Gather Documentation
      • Prepare your business plan, technical specs, cost spreadsheets, vendor quotes, and team resumes.
      • Include any MOUs or letters of intent from partners.
    3. Fill Out Application Forms
      • Carefully address each question. Missing info can cause major delays.
    4. Submit & Await Response
      • Expect the process to take a few weeks to a few months.
      • Respond promptly if agencies request more details or clarification.
    5. Grant Approval & Disbursement
      • You’ll get a Letter of Offer specifying timelines and deliverables.
      • Funds are usually disbursed in milestones tied to specific achievements.

    5. Success Stories (Brief Examples)

    • AI Startup Uses EDG
      A local AI company secured EDG funding to expand its data science team and developed a proprietary machine learning platform, later attracting large corporate clients.
    • Biotech Venture with SGInnovate
      A biotech firm partnered with A*STAR for R&D and co-investment from SGInnovate, enabling them to pilot a new medical device and secure international interest.

    6. Common Pitfalls to Avoid

    • Underestimating Required Documentation: Missing quotes, incomplete spreadsheets, or vague timelines can derail your application.
    • Weak Market Validation: If you can’t show real user interest, agencies may see your project as too risky.
    • Overpromising: Inflated projections or unrealistic milestones damage credibility.
    • No Clear Local Impact: Grants hinge on how your startup benefits Singapore—be explicit about that.

    Conclusion

    For deep tech entrepreneurs in Singapore, government grants can be a game-changer—covering crucial R&D costs and boosting credibility. From Startup SG Founder to EDG, SGInnovate, and PSG, these programs provide substantial support if you present a compelling solution that aligns with national goals.

    Author’s Final Note: “Applications can be lengthy. Show exactly how your project benefits Singapore and offer rock-solid proof of your costs. Honesty and clarity go a long way in securing the funds you need.”

    By investing the time to prepare a thorough application—demonstrating local impact, feasibility, and real-world demand—you’ll greatly improve your odds of landing valuable grant support for your deep tech venture. Good luck!

  • From Engineer to Founder in Singapore

    From Engineer to Founder in Singapore

    Engineers excel at solving complex problems and turning ideas into prototypes. This skill set makes you uniquely suited to founding a startup—especially if you can find a real business problem that customers will pay to solve. Below, discover how to spot opportunities, get customers to fund your proof of concept, and transition from engineer to entrepreneur.

    YOUR TECHNICAL EDGE

      PROBLEM-SOLVING MINDSET
      You’re trained to identify and fix technical issues—vital for building a deep tech or innovation-driven startup.

      VISUAL COMMUNICATION
      Tools like CAD, 3D rendering, and simulations allow you to demonstrate your solution clearly, making it easier to convince clients or investors.

      RAPID PROTOTYPING
      Engineers can iterate quickly. Whether it’s hardware or software, you already know how to test and refine concepts.

      (Visit DeepTech.sg for more info: https://www.deeptech.sg/)

      FINDING A WORTHY PROBLEM

        TENDER PLATFORMS
        Check GeBIZ (https://www.gebiz.gov.sg/) and TenderBoard (https://www.tenderboard.biz/) where agencies and companies post projects that highlight urgent needs.

        VENTURE BUILDERS & STARTUP BUILDERS
        Many startup builders in Singapore (https://www.deeptech.sg/) partner with established companies, giving you direct access to real challenges—and potential paying customers.

        CHALLENGE PLATFORMS (E.G., AGORIZE)
        Participate in Agorize challenges (https://www.agorize.com/) to compete for seed funding or pilot project deals from corporate sponsors.

        ASK CUSTOMERS TO FUND YOUR PROTOTYPE

          MUTUAL BENEFIT
          The customer gets a solution for their pain point, and you receive development resources plus feedback.

          PROOF OF DEMAND
          Upfront payment validates that your idea has real market value.

          REDUCED RISK
          Even if it doesn’t work out, you’ve showcased your expertise and made connections. Sometimes the company may hire you.

          (Check out DeepTech.sg for more startup tips: https://www.deeptech.sg/)

          PITCHING YOUR TECHNICAL SOLUTION

            USE CAD & 3D MODELS
            Provide concrete visuals so non-technical stakeholders can better grasp your concept.

            SIMPLIFY YOUR MESSAGE
            Translate complex engineering terms into clear benefits like cost reduction or efficiency gains.

            DEMONSTRATE PROGRESS
            Share prototypes or simulations regularly to maintain engagement and build trust.

            GROW THROUGH INDUSTRY CONNECTIONS

              NETWORKING & EVENTS
              Attend tech conferences and hackathons in Singapore (e.g., IoT Asia: https://www.iotasia.com/) to meet corporate innovators seeking fresh solutions.

              UNIVERSITY INCUBATORS
              Programs at NUS Enterprise (https://enterprise.nus.edu.sg/) or NTUitive (https://www.ntuitive.sg/) offer mentorship and corporate links.

              ONLINE COMMUNITIES
              Look for LinkedIn groups or forums like Hardware Massive (https://hardwaremassive.com/) to find collaborators and potential clients.

              SHIFT TO AN ENTREPRENEURIAL MINDSET

                BUSINESS BASICS
                Understand pricing, contracts, and cash flow. You don’t need an MBA, just enough knowledge to negotiate and manage deals.

                NEGOTIATION SKILLS
                Don’t shy away from asking for upfront or milestone-based payments. Your expertise is valuable.

                COLLABORATION
                If sales or marketing aren’t your strengths, partner with people who can fill those gaps.

                EMBRACE POTENTIAL FAILURE

                  PLAN B
                  Even if a project stalls, you’ve proven your capabilities. This can lead to job offers or new partnerships.

                  ITERATIVE LEARNING
                  Each setback refines your approach, improving future pitches and solutions.

                  FINAL THOUGHTS

                  As an engineer, you have a massive advantage in the startup world: the ability to solve technical problems and demonstrate them through CAD, prototypes, or simulations. The trick is finding real challenges—through tender platforms, venture builders, or innovation competitions—and securing customer payments for your proof of concept.

                  For more insights on moving from engineer to founder, visit DeepTech.sg (https://www.deeptech.sg/). Turn your technical prowess into a thriving venture—one problem at a time.

                1. Investing in Deep Tech: Opportunities in Singapore

                  Investing in Deep Tech: Opportunities in Singapore

                  Singapore has emerged as a leading hub for deep tech innovation, offering a fertile ground for investors seeking high-growth opportunities. The nation’s strategic initiatives, robust support systems, and thriving ecosystem make it an attractive destination for deep tech investments. Let us dive a bit into Investing in Deep Tech: Opportunities in Singapore.

                  Government Initiatives and Funding

                  When it comes to deep tech, the Singaporean government has shown remarkable dedication. Through the Research, Innovation, and Enterprise (RIE) 2025 plan, a staggering S$25 billion has been allocated to advance critical sectors like health, sustainability, and the digital economy.

                  Moreover, Temasek, the state investment company, has pledged to invest S$1 billion annually into deep tech research and innovation. This funding spans diverse domains, including advanced manufacturing and life sciences, solidifying Singapore’s position as a leader in innovation.


                  Thriving Deep Tech Ecosystem

                  Singapore’s deep tech ecosystem is growing rapidly. For instance, in 2023, there was a 31% year-on-year increase in deep tech deals, accounting for 25% of the total deal value.

                  Even more exciting is that this growth stems from a strong foundation in scientific research combined with carefully structured, long-term investments in technology. As a result, Singapore is fostering an environment where groundbreaking ideas can flourish.


                  Strategic Location and Infrastructure

                  Furthermore, Singapore’s location is a major advantage. As a gateway to Southeast Asia’s burgeoning markets, the nation is perfectly positioned for regional expansion.

                  With its advanced infrastructure, political stability, and business-friendly policies, Singapore has created an environment where deep tech investors can thrive. Transitioning seamlessly between global and local opportunities has never been easier for companies based here.


                  Investment Opportunities

                  In addition to these advantages, Singapore offers diverse opportunities for deep tech investors, including:

                  • Biotechnology and Life Sciences: With substantial government backing and a strong research foundation, Singapore is set to deliver groundbreaking healthcare and pharmaceutical innovations.
                  • Artificial Intelligence and Robotics: As digital transformation continues, Singapore is emerging as a hub for cutting-edge AI and robotics ventures.
                  • Advanced Manufacturing: Singapore’s commitment to innovative manufacturing processes ensures a high potential for significant returns on investment.

                  Conclusion

                  To sum up, Singapore’s combination of proactive policies, a thriving ecosystem, and strategic advantages makes it an exceptional choice for deep tech investments. If you’re ready to capitalize on the next wave of innovation, Singapore offers countless opportunities to make that happen.

                  We are doing our part to support this ecosystem by providing AI-driven matching systems that connect investors, researchers, and startups. Visit deeptech.sg to log in and learn more about investing in deep tech in Singapore.


                  Recent Developments in Singapore’s Deep Tech Landscape

                  • Financial Times: TSMC on alert and Singapore on the rise (37 days ago)
                  • Reuters: Singapore’s Keppel aims to expand data centre capacity, FUM amid AI boom (45 days ago)
                  • Financial Times: AstraZeneca to build $1.5bn manufacturing site in Singapore (201 days ago)

                  By staying updated on developments like these, you can remain ahead in the deep tech investment game.

                2. Deep Tech is Like Chicken Rice in Singapore: Hits the Spot.

                  Deep Tech is Like Chicken Rice in Singapore: Hits the Spot.

                  When it comes to innovation, Singapore’s deep tech ecosystem is as iconic and satisfying as its beloved chicken rice. At DeepTech.sg, we believe that deep tech success relies on the perfect combination of ingredients—just like a great plate of chicken rice. The tender chicken, fragrant rice, and perfectly spiced chili sauce mirror the key components of a thriving deep tech ecosystem. Let’s break it down why Deep Tech is Like Chicken Rice in Singapore: Hits the Spot:


                  Good Meat: The Core Technology

                  The foundation of any great chicken rice dish is the chicken itself—juicy, flavorful, and perfectly cooked. In deep tech, this represents the core technology. From artificial intelligence and robotics to biotechnology, the strength and quality of the technology itself are crucial to success.

                  At DeepTech.sg, we ensure innovators have access to this “good meat” by connecting them to cutting-edge research facilities, world-class scientists, and the latest tools. A strong foundation of technology is what makes everything else possible.


                  The Right Rice: Foundational Support

                  Rice may seem simple, but in chicken rice, it’s the unsung hero. The fragrant, perfectly cooked rice is what completes the dish, providing the base that holds everything together. In deep tech, this foundational support comes in the form of funding, infrastructure, and networks.

                  DeepTech.sg is here to provide this support. Whether it’s access to venture capital, government grants, or physical lab spaces, we ensure innovators have the resources they need to turn their ideas into reality. Just like rice binds the dish, these elements form the foundation of any successful deep tech project.


                  The Spice: Collaborations and Connections

                  No chicken rice is complete without chili sauce or ginger paste. These small but impactful additions elevate the dish from good to unforgettable. Similarly, in deep tech, collaborations and connections are the “spice” that can transform a good project into a groundbreaking innovation.

                  DeepTech.sg specializes in bringing the right people together. We connect innovators to industry leaders, mentors, and collaborators who add the “kick” that deep tech projects need. Whether you’re looking for co-founders, investors, or advisors, we help you find the right partners to elevate your work.


                  A Perfect Combination

                  Deep tech success, much like a plate of chicken rice, relies on balance. You need solid core technology, a strong foundation of support, and the right mix of collaborators to create something truly impactful. At DeepTech.sg, we bring these ingredients together in one place, making innovation faster, easier, and more accessible.


                  Ready to Taste the Future of Deep Tech?

                  Deep tech hits the spot when all the right elements come together—just like chicken rice does at every coffee shop. At DeepTech.sg, we’re here to ensure that good technology meets the right people and resources, creating a balanced and impactful ecosystem for innovation.

                  Visit DeepTech.sg today to discover how we can help you find the perfect combination of ingredients for your deep tech success. Innovation has never been so satisfying.

                3. 5 Minutes Away From Your Next Deep Tech Collaboration in Singapore

                  5 Minutes Away From Your Next Deep Tech Collaboration in Singapore

                  Finding the right connections in the world of deep technology can often feel like searching for a needle in a haystack. But in Singapore’s rapidly evolving deep tech ecosystem, collaboration is key, and speed is everything. That’s where DeepTech.sg steps in – 5 Minutes Away From Your Next Deep Tech Collaboration in Singapore

                  Why Collaboration Matters in Deep Tech

                  Deep tech innovations often require multidisciplinary expertise. Whether you’re an AI researcher looking for prototyping resources or a biotech startup seeking investment, the right partnerships can accelerate your journey from idea to execution.

                  Singapore, as a hub for deep tech, is home to a growing number of researchers, entrepreneurs, and investors. Yet, finding the perfect match is challenging without the right tools. This is where DeepTech.sg shines.


                  What Can You Achieve in 5 Minutes on DeepTech.sg?

                  • Connect With Experts: Use AI-powered matching to find collaborators and co-founders who align with your vision.
                  • Discover Funding Opportunities: Get insights into grants, venture capital, and other financial resources tailored for deep tech projects.
                  • Access Specialized Resources: Locate labs, prototyping equipment, and other essential tools with just a few clicks.
                  • Showcase Your Startup: List your project to attract investors and supporters in Singapore’s thriving ecosystem.
                  • Stay Updated on Events: Get the latest news on deep tech workshops, networking events, and industry happenings.

                  How DeepTech.sg Makes It Easy

                  With an intuitive platform designed to save time, DeepTech.sg helps you focus on what matters most—innovation. You’ll no longer have to spend countless hours navigating directories or searching through outdated listings.

                  In just 5 minutes, you can access Singapore’s entire deep tech network, tailored to your needs and goals.


                  Start Building Your Network Today

                  Your next opportunity in deep tech is closer than you think. Join DeepTech.sg and find your next collaborator, investor, or resource in just five minutes.

                  Visit DeepTech.sg now to transform the way you connect and innovate where you are 5 Minutes Away From Your Next Deep Tech Collaboration in Singapore.